Introduction to IP address
Class full IP Addressing
IP addressing,
when started a few decades ago, used the concept of classes. This architecture is
called class full IP addressing. In the mid of 1990s, a new architecture, Called classless IP addressing was introduced that will eventually supersede the original architecture.
However, most of the internet is still using calssfull addressing and the
migration is slow. To understand the classfull IP addressing it is important to
understand classless addressing.
In classfull IP addressing, the IP address is divided into five
classes A,B,C,D and E. each class is occupies some part of the whole address
space, see below the table mansion the class occupation of the address space (approximate).
A
|
|||
B
|
C
|
D
|
E
|
We can see that the class A covers the half of the address
space, a serious design flow. Class B cover ¼ of the whole address space,
another design flow. Class C is cover the 1/8 of the address, and class D and E
each cover the 1/16 of the address space.
Recognize the classes
We can find the class of an address when the address is
given in binary notation or in dotted decimal notation.
Find the class in
binary notation
If the address is given in binary notation, the first bits
can immediately tell us the class of the address.
Find the class in
dotted decimal notation
When the address is given in dotted decimal notation, then
we need to look only at the first byte to determining the class of the address.
Each class has a specific range of number.
Net ID and Host ID
In classfull addressing an IP in classes A,B and C is
divided into net id and host id.
Note: Class D and
E are not divided into net id and host id.
A
|
Net ID
|
Host ID
|
||
B
|
Net ID
|
Host ID
|
||
C
|
Net ID
|
Host ID
|
||
D
|
Reserved For Multicast
|
|||
E
|
Reserved For future use
|
|||
Intriduction to IP address
Classes of IP address
Sr. #
|
Class
|
Range
|
Bits
|
Network/host
|
Subnet mask
|
01
|
A
|
1-126
|
0000
|
8/24
|
255.0.0.0
|
02
|
B
|
128-191
|
1000
|
16/16
|
255.255.0.0
|
03
|
C
|
192-223
|
1100
|
24/8
|
255.255.255.0
|
04
|
D
|
224-239
|
1110
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
05
|
E
|
240-254
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
01. 0 is represent the network
02. 127 is reserved for testing
03. 255 is reserved for broadcast
Introduction to IP address
IP Address
At the network layer, we need to uniquely identify each
device on the internet to allow global communication between all devices. This
is analogous to the telephone system where each telephone subscriber has a
unique telephone number. If we consider the country code and the area code as
part of the identifying scheme
The identifying used in IP layer
of the TCP/IP protocol suit to identify each device connected to the internet
is called the internet address or IP address. An IP address is a 32 bit binary
address that uniquely and universally defines the connection of a host or a
router to the internet. Two devices cannot have the same IP address on the
internet, it is unique address. However if a device has two connection to the
internet via two networks, it has two IP addressesTCP/IP Protocol Suit
Define Protocol in Networking
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
The UDP is process to process protocol that adds only port
address, check-sum error control and length information to the data from the
upper layer.
Transport control protocol (TCP)
The TCP provides full transport layer services to
application. TCP is a reliable stream transport protocol. The term stream in
this context means connection-oriented: a connection must be established
between both ends of a transmission before either can transmit data.
Application Layer
The application layer in TCP/IP is equivalent to the
combined session, presentation and application layer in the OSI model. Many
protocols are defined at this layer.
Network Introduction to TCP/IP Protocol in simple words
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
The UDP is process to process protocol that adds only port
address, check-sum error control and length information to the data from the
upper layer.
Transport control protocol (TCP)
The TCP provides full transport layer services to
application. TCP is a reliable stream transport protocol. The term stream in
this context means connection-oriented: a connection must be established
between both ends of a transmission before either can transmit data.
Network introduction to TCP/IP Protocol suit in simple words
Transport Layer
The transport layer is represented in TCP/IP by two
protocols, TCP and UDP. The IP is a host-to-host protocol; UDP and TCP are
transport level protocols. IP can deliver a packet form one physical device to
another. UDP and TCP are responsible for delivery of a message from a process
to another process (running programs)
TCP Internet protocol
TCP/IP PRTOCOL SUIT
Physical and Data link
Layer
At the physical and data link layer, TCP/IP does not define
any specific protocol. It support all of the standard and proprietary protocol
which LAN, MAN and WAN.
Network Layer
At the network layer TCP/IP supports the internetworking
protocol which contains four supported protocols: ARP, RARP, ICMP and IGMP
TCP/IP Protocol Suit
Define Protocol In Networking
Internetworking protocol (IP)
The internetworking protocol (IP) is the transmission
mechanism used by TCP/IP protocol. It is un reliable and connectionless
datagram protocol- a best-effort
delivery service. The term best-effort means that IP provides no
error checking or tracking.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to associate
an IP address with the physical address. ARP is used to find the physical
address of the node, when its internet address is known.
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
The (RARP) allows a host to discover its internet address
when it known only its physical address. It is used when a computer is
connected to the network for the first time or when a diskless computer is
booted.
Internet control message protocol (ICMP)
The ICMP is a mechanism used by hosts and gateways to send
notification datagram problems back to the sender.
Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP)
The IGMP used to
facilitate the simultaneous transmission of the message to a group of
recipients.
List of Network devices
OSI Referance model
Encapsulation of Data
OSI Referance model
Role of Data Flow layer
OSI Referance model
ROLE OF APPLICATION LAYER IN NETWORK
OSI Reference model overview
OSI reference model overview
OSI Referance model
Network Distribution Layer Characteristics
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